5 Compare and Contrast Ancient Art to Prehistoric Art What Are the Differences and Similarities?

Art produced in preliterate cultures

Not to be confused with Paleoart.

In the history of fine art, prehistoric art is all art produced in preliterate, prehistorical cultures beginning somewhere in very late geological history, and generally continuing until that culture either develops writing or other methods of record-keeping, or makes pregnant contact with some other culture that has, and that makes some record of major historical events. At this point ancient fine art begins, for the older literate cultures. The end-appointment for what is covered by the term thus varies greatly between unlike parts of the world.^[1]

The earliest human being artifacts showing evidence of workmanship with an creative purpose are the subject of some debate. It is clear that such workmanship existed past 40,000 years ago in the Upper Paleolithic era, although it is quite possible that it began earlier. In September 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the earliest known drawing by Homo sapiens, which is estimated to be 73,000 years old, much earlier than the 43,000 years old artifacts understood to be the earliest known modern human drawings establish previously.^[2]

Engraved shells created by Homo erectus dating as far dorsum as 500,000 years ago have been found, although experts disagree on whether these engravings can be properly classified equally 'art'.^[three] From the Upper Paleolithic through to the Mesolithic, cave paintings and portable art such every bit figurines and beads predominated, with decorative figured workings besides seen on some utilitarian objects. In the Neolithic evidence of early pottery appeared, equally did sculpture and the structure of megaliths. Early rock art as well starting time appeared during this period. The appearance of metalworking in the Bronze Age brought additional media available for use in making art, an increase in stylistic diversity, and the creation of objects that did not accept whatsoever obvious part other than art. It too saw the development in some areas of artisans, a form of people specializing in the production of art, likewise as early writing systems. Past the Iron Age, civilizations with writing had arisen from Ancient Egypt to Aboriginal China.

Many indigenous peoples from around the world continued to produce creative works distinctive to their geographic area and culture, until exploration and commerce brought record-keeping methods to them. Some cultures, notably the Maya culture, independently developed writing during the time they flourished, which was then later lost. These cultures may be classified as prehistoric, peculiarly if their writing systems have not been deciphered.

Paleolithic era [edit]

Lower and Eye Paleolithic [edit]

The earliest undisputed art originated with the Homo sapiens Aurignacian archaeological culture in the Upper Paleolithic. However, there is some evidence that the preference for the aesthetic emerged in the Middle Paleolithic, from 100,000 to 50,000 years agone. Some archaeologists accept interpreted certain Middle Paleolithic artifacts as early examples of artistic expression.^{[five] [half-dozen]} The symmetry of artifacts, evidence of attending to the detail of tool shape, has led some investigators to conceive of Acheulean paw axes and particularly laurel points as having been produced with a degree of artistic expression.

Claimed "Oldest known drawing by human being hands", discovered in Blombos Cave in South Africa. Estimated to be 73,000 years quondam.^[two]

Similarly, a zigzag engraving supposedly made with a shark tooth on a freshwater Pseudodon beat DUB1006-fL effectually 500,000 years ago (i.east. well into the Lower Paleolithic), associated with Human being erectus, could be the earliest prove of artistic activity, just the actual intent behind this geometric ornament is non known.^[iv]

At that place are other claims of Middle Paleolithic sculpture, dubbed the "Venus of Tan-Tan" (before 300 kya)^[vii] and the "Venus of Berekhat Ram" (250 kya). In 2002 in Blombos cave, situated in S Africa, stones were discovered engraved with grid or cantankerous-hatch patterns, dated to some 70,000 years ago. This suggested to some researchers that early Homo sapiens were capable of abstraction and production of abstract art or symbolic fine art. Several archaeologists including Richard Klein are hesitant to accept the Blombos caves as the first case of bodily art.

In September 2018 the discovery in South Africa of the earliest known drawing past Homo sapiens was announced, which is estimated to be 73,000 years one-time, much earlier than the 43,000 years old artifacts understood to be the earliest known modern human being drawings found previously.^[two] The drawing shows a crosshatched blueprint made up of nine fine lines. The sudden termination of all of the lines on the fragment edges signal that the pattern originally extended over a larger surface.^[8] It is also estimated that the pattern was nearly probable more circuitous and structured in its entirety than shown on the discovered area. Initially, when this drawing was constitute, at that place was much argue. To testify that this cartoon was created by Homo Sapiens, French squad members who specialized in chemical analysis of pigments, reproduced the same lines using a variety of techniques.^[ix] They concluded that the lines making upwardly the drawing were intentional and were most likely fabricated with ocher. This discovery adds farther dimensions to understanding the behavior and noesis of early on human sapiens.

Neanderthals may have made fine art. Painted designs in the caves of La Pasiega (Cantabria), a hand stencil in Maltravieso (Extremadura), and red-painted speleothems in Ardales (Andalusia) are dated to 64,800 years ago, predating by at least xx,000 years the arrival of modernistic humans in Europe.^{[ten] [11]} In July 2021, scientists reported the discovery of a bone carving, 1 of the world's oldest works of fine art, made by Neanderthals about 51,000 years ago.^{[12] [13]}

Upper Paleolithic [edit]

In November 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (possibly as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animate being, in the cavern of Lubang Jeriji Saléh on the Indonesian isle of Kalimantan.^{[xiv] [15]}

Some of the oldest undisputed works of figurative art were found in the Schwäbische Alb, Baden-Württemberg, Federal republic of germany. The earliest of these, the Venus figurine known as the Venus of Hohle Fels and the Lion-human figurine, engagement to some 40,000 years ago.

Further depictional art from the Upper Palaeolithic catamenia (broadly 40,000 to x,000 years agone) includes cavern painting (eastward.thou., those at Chauvet, Altamira, Pech Merle, Arcy-sur-Cure and Lascaux) and portable art: Venus figurines like the Venus of Willendorf, also as animal carvings like the Swimming Reindeer, Wolverine pendant of Les Eyzies, and several of the objects known as bâtons de commandement.

Paintings in Pettakere cave on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi are upwardly to 40,000 years old, a similar appointment to the oldest European cave art, which may suggest an older mutual origin for this type of art, possibly in Africa.^[sixteen]

Monumental open-air fine art in Europe from this period includes the rock-art at Côa Valley and Mazouco in Portugal, Domingo García and Siega Verde in Spain, and Rocher gravé de Fornols [fr] in French republic.

A cave at Turobong in South korea containing homo remains has been found to comprise carved deer bones and depictions of deer that may exist as much as xl,000 years old.^[17] Petroglyphs of deer or reindeer found at Sokchang-ri may besides date to the Upper Paleolithic. Potsherds in a mode reminiscent of early Japanese work have been found at Kosan-ri on Jeju island, which, due to lower sea levels at the time, would have been accessible from Japan.^[xviii]

The oldest petroglyphs are dated to approximately the Mesolithic and belatedly Upper Paleolithic boundary, almost 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. The earliest undisputed African rock art dates back about 10,000 years. The first naturalistic paintings of humans found in Africa date back almost 8,000 years apparently originating in the Nile River valley, spread as far westward as Mali about 10,000 years agone. Noted sites containing early on fine art include Tassili north'Ajjer in southern Algeria, Tadrart Acacus in Libya (A Unesco Earth Heritage site), and the Tibesti Mountains in northern Chad.^[19] Stone carvings at the Wonderwerk Cave in Southward Africa accept been dated to this historic period.^[20] Contentious dates as far dorsum equally 29,000 years have been obtained at a site in Tanzania. A site at the Apollo xi Cave circuitous in Namibia has been dated to 27,000 years.

Göbekli Tepe in Turkey has circles of massive T-shaped stone pillars dating back to the tenth–8th millennium BCE; the globe's oldest known megaliths. Many of the pillars are busy with abstruse, enigmatic pictograms and carved animal reliefs.

Asia [edit]

Asia was the cradle for several significant civilizations, most notably those of Mainland china and Southern asia. The prehistory of eastern Asia is especially interesting, every bit the relatively early on introduction of writing and historical record-keeping in Communist china has a notable touch on the immediately surrounding cultures and geographic areas. Piddling of the very rich traditions of the art of Mesopotamia counts as prehistoric, as writing was introduced so early at that place, but neighbouring cultures such as Urartu, Luristan and Persia had significant and complex artistic traditions.

A possible representation of a "yogi" or "proto-Shiva", 2600–1900 BCE

Azerbaijan [edit]

The Gobustan National Park reserve located at the south-eastward of the Greater Caucasus Mountains in Azerbaijan, lx km abroad from Baku date back more than than 12 thousand years ago. The reserve has more than than 6,000 rock carvings depicting mostly hunting scenes, human being and creature figures. There are also longship illustrations similar to Viking ships. Gobustan is as well characterized by its natural musical rock called Gavaldash (tambourine stone).^{[21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [ self-published source? ]}

Indian sub-continent [edit]

The earliest Indian paintings were the rock paintings of prehistoric times, the petroglyphs equally found in places like the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka, and some of them are dated to circa eight,000 BC.^{[26] [27] [28] [29] [30]} The Indus Valley civilization produced fine small postage stamp seals and sculptures, and may have been literate, only after its collapse in that location are relatively few artistic remains until the literate menstruation, probably every bit perishable materials were used.

China [edit]

Prehistoric artwork such every bit painted pottery in Neolithic China can be traced dorsum to the Yangshao culture and Longshan culture of the Yellow River valley. During Red china's Bronze Age, Chinese of the aboriginal Shang Dynasty and Zhou Dynasty produced multitudes of Chinese ritual bronzes, which are elaborate versions of ordinary vessels and other objects used in rituals of ancestor veneration, decorated with taotie motifs and past the late Shang Chinese bronze inscriptions. Discoveries in 1987 in Sanxingdui in central Mainland china revealed a previously unknown pre-literate Bronze Historic period culture whose artefacts included spectacular very big bronze figures (example left), and which appeared culturally very unlike from the gimmicky late Shang, which has always formed part of the business relationship of the continuous tradition of Chinese culture.

Nippon [edit]

According to archeological evidence, the Jōmon people in ancient Nihon were among the first to develop pottery, dated from the 11th millennium BCE. With growing sophistication, the Jōmon created patterns by impressing the wet clay with braided or unbraided cord and sticks.

Korea [edit]

A Korean Neolithic pot found in Busan, 3500 BCE

The primeval examples of Korean art consist of Rock Age works dating from 3000 BCE. These mainly consist of votive sculptures, although petroglyphs have also been recently rediscovered. Rock arts, elaborate stone tools, and potteries were as well prevalent.

This early period was followed by the art styles of various Korean kingdoms and dynasties. In these periods, artists often adopted Chinese style in their artworks. Nevertheless, Koreans not only adopted only likewise modified Chinese civilization with a native preference for unproblematic elegance, purity of nature and spontaneity. This filtering of Chinese styles afterward influenced Japanese artistic traditions, due to cultural and geographical circumstances.

The prehistory of Korean ends with the founding of the 3 Kingdoms of Korea, which are documented in the Samguk Sagi, a 12th-century CE text written in Classical Chinese (the written linguistic communication of the literati in traditional Korea), as beginning in the 1st century BCE; some mention of before history is also made in Chinese texts, like the third-century CE Sanguo Zhi.

Jeulmun period [edit]

Clearer evidence of culture emerges in the late Neolithic, known in Korea equally the Jeulmun pottery menses, with pottery similar to that constitute in the adjacent regions of China, decorated with Z-shaped patterns. The earliest Neolithic sites with pottery remains, for example Osan-ri, date to 6000–4500 BCE.^[18] This pottery is characterized past comb patterning, with the pot oft having a pointed base. Ornaments from this fourth dimension include masks made of shell, with notable finds at Tongsam-dong, Osan-ri, and Sinam-ri. Hand-shaped clay figurines have been found at Nongpo-dong.^[31]

Mumun menstruum [edit]

Big Middle Mumun (c. 800 BCE) storage vessel unearthed from a pit-house in or near Daepyeong

During the Mumun pottery period, roughly between 1500 BCE and 300 BCE, agronomics expanded, and show of larger-scale political structures became apparent, every bit villages grew and some burials became more elaborate. Megalithic tombs and dolmens throughout Korea date to this time. The pottery of the time is in a distinctive undecorated fashion. Many of these changes in way may have occurred due to immigration of new peoples from the north, although this is a subject area of debate.^[32] At a number of sites in southern Korea there are stone art panels that are thought to date from this menstruum, mainly for stylistic reasons.^[33]

While the exact date of the introduction of bronzework into Korea is besides a matter of debate, it is clear that bronze was existence worked by about 700 BCE. Finds include stylistically distinctive daggers, mirrors, and belt buckles, with evidence by the 1st century BCE of a widespread, locally distinctive, bronzeworking culture.^[34]

Protohistoric Korea [edit]

The time between 300 BCE and the founding and stabilization of the Three Kingdoms around 300 CE is characterized artistically and archaeologically by increasing trade with People's republic of china and Japan, something that Chinese histories of the time corroborate. The expansionist Chinese invaded and established commanderies in northern Korea as early as the 1st century BCE; they were driven out by the 4th century CE.^[35] The remains of some of these, peculiarly that of Lelang, well-nigh modern Pyongyang, have yielded many artifacts in a typical Han style.^[36]

Chinese histories also record the beginnings of iron works in Korea in the 1st century BCE. Stoneware and kiln-fired pottery also appears to appointment from this time, although there is controversy over the dates.^[37] Pottery of distinctly Japanese origin is found in Korea, and metalwork of Korean origin is found in northeastern Mainland china.^[38]

Steppes Art [edit]

Late seventh-century Scythian plaque of a leopard

Superb samples of Steppes art - generally aureate jewellery and trappings for horse - are found over a vast expanses of country stretching from Republic of hungary to Mongolia. Dating from the period between the 7th and 3rd centuries BCE, the objects are unremarkably diminutive, as may be expected from nomadic people always on the motility. Art of the steppes is primarily an animal fine art, i.e., combat scenes involving several animals (real or imaginary) or unmarried animal figures (such equally aureate stags) predominate. The all-time known of the diverse peoples involved are the Scythians, at the European end of the steppe, who were especially probable to bury aureate items.

Amid the well-nigh famous finds was fabricated in 1947, when the Soviet archaeologist Sergei Rudenko discovered a royal burying at Pazyryk, Altay Mountains, which featured - among many other important objects - the most ancient extant pile rug, probably made in Persia. Unusually for prehistoric burials, those in the northern parts of the area may preserve organic materials such as forest and textiles that ordinarily would decay. Steppes people both gave and took influences from neighbouring cultures from Europe to China, and later Scythian pieces are heavily influenced by ancient Greek style, and probably often made by Greeks in Scythia.

Near East [edit]

The Ain Sakhri Lovers from modern Israel, is a small Natufian carving in calcite, from about 9,000 BCE. Around the same time, the extraordinary site of Göbekli Tepe in eastern Turkey was begun. During the first phase, belonging to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA), circles of massive only neatly shaped T-shaped rock pillars were erected – the globe's oldest known megaliths.^[39] More than than 200 pillars in about xx circles are currently known through geophysical surveys. Each colonnade has a height of up to half-dozen thou (20 ft) and weighs upward to 10 tons. They are fitted into sockets that were hewn out of the boulder.^[forty] In the second phase, belonging to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB), the erected pillars are smaller and stood in rectangular rooms with floors of polished lime. On the smoothed surfaces of the pillars at that place are reliefs of animals, abstract patterns, and some human figures.

By convention, prehistory in the Near East is taken to continue until the rising of the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BCE, although writing existed in the region from nearly ii,000 years before. On that basis the very rich and long tradition of the fine art of Mesopotamia, also as Assyrian sculpture, Hittite art and many other traditions such every bit the Luristan bronzes all fall under prehistoric art, fifty-fifty if covered with texts extolling the ruler, every bit many Assyrian palace reliefs are.

Europe [edit]

Stone Age [edit]

The Art of the Upper Paleolithic includes carvings on antler and bone, especially of animals, also every bit the then-chosen Venus figurines and cave paintings, discussed to a higher place. Despite a warmer climate, the Mesolithic period undoubtedly shows a falling-off from the heights of the preceding flow. Rock art is establish in Scandinavia and northern Russian federation, and around the Mediterranean in eastern Spain and the earliest of the Stone Drawings in Valcamonica in northern Italia, only not in between these areas.^{[41] [42]} Examples of portable fine art include painted pebbles from the Azilian culture which succeeded the Magdalenian, and patterns on commonsensical objects, like the paddles from Tybrind Vig, Kingdom of denmark. The Mesolithic statues of Lepenski Vir at the Iron Gate, Serbia date to the 7th millennium BCE and represent either humans or mixtures of humans and fish. Simple pottery began to develop in various places, even in the absenteeism of farming.

Mesolithic [edit]

Compared to the preceding Upper Paleolithic and the following Neolithic, there is rather less surviving art from the Mesolithic. The Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin, which probably spreads across from the Upper Paleolithic, is a widespread phenomenon, much less well known than the cave-paintings of the Upper Paleolithic, with which it makes an interesting contrast. The sites are at present generally cliff faces in the open air, and the subjects are now mostly man rather than animal, with large groups of small figures; there are 45 figures at Roca dels Moros. Clothing is shown, and scenes of dancing, fighting, hunting and nutrient-gathering. The figures are much smaller than the animals of Paleolithic art, and depicted much more than schematically, though often in energetic poses.^[43] A few small engraved pendants with suspension holes and unproblematic engraved designs are known, some from northern Europe in amber, and ane from Starr Carr in Britain in shale.^[44]

The rock art in the Urals appears to show similar changes after the Paleolithic, and the wooden Shigir Idol is a rare survival of what may well take been a very mutual textile for sculpture. It is a plank of larch carved with geometric motifs, just topped with a human head. Now in fragments, it would apparently take been over 5 metres alpine when made.^[45]

Neolithic [edit]

Map with distribution of statue-menhir in Europe.[1] Photos and pictures: 1y four.-Bueno et al. 2005; 2.-Santonja y Santonja 1978; iii.-Jorge 1999; v.-Portela y Jiménez 1996; six.-Romero 1981; vii.-Helgouach 1997; 8.- Tarrete 1997; 9, 10, 13, 14, 29, xxx, 31, 32.-Philippon 2002; 11.-Corboud y Curdy 2009; 12.-Muller 1997; 15, 16, 17, xviii, nineteen, 20, 21, 22, 23 Arnal 1976; 24 y 25.- Augusto 1972; 26 y 27.- Grosjean 1966; 34.- López et al. 2009.

In Key Europe, many Neolithic cultures, like Linearbandkeramic, Lengyel and Vinča,^[46] produced female (rarely male person) and brute statues that can be called fine art, and elaborate pottery decoration in, for instance, the Želiesovce and painted Lengyel mode.

Megalithic (i.e., large stone) monuments are found in the Neolithic Era from Malta to Portugal, through France, and across southern England to most of Wales and Ireland. They are also found in northern Frg and Poland, as well equally in Arab republic of egypt in the Sahara desert (at Nabta Playa and other sites). The best preserved of all temples and the oldest free standing structures are the Megalithic Temples of Malta. They start in the 5th millennium BC, though some authors speculate on Mesolithic roots. One of the best-known prehistoric sites is Stonehenge, part of the Stonehenge Globe Heritage Site which contains hundreds of monuments and archaeological sites. Monuments have been plant throughout most of Western and Northern Europe, notably at Carnac, France.

Entrance stone with megalithic art at Newgrange

The large mound tomb at Newgrange, Ireland, dating to around 3200 BC, has its archway marked with a massive stone carved with a complex blueprint of spirals. The mound at nearby Knowth has large flat rocks with rock engravings on their vertical faces all around its circumference, for which various meanings have been suggested, including depictions of the local valley, and the oldest known image of the Moon. Many of these monuments were megalithic tombs, and archaeologists speculate that most take religious significance. Knowth is reputed to have approximately ane third of all megalithic art in Western Europe.

In the central Alps, the Camunni made some 350,000 petroglyphs: see Rock Drawings in Valcamonica.

Statuary Historic period [edit]

During the 3rd millennium BCE, the Bronze Age began in Europe, bringing with it a new medium for art. The increased efficiency of statuary tools also meant an increase in productivity, which led to a surplus — the first step in the creation of a grade of artisans. Because of the increased wealth of society, luxury goods began to exist created, especially decorated weapons.

Examples include ceremonial statuary helmets, ornamental ax-heads and swords, elaborate instruments such as lurer, and other formalism objects without a practical purpose, such as the oversize Oxborough Dirk. Special objects were fabricated in gold; many more than aureate objects have survived from Western and Central Europe than from the Iron Historic period, many mysterious and strange objects ranging from lunulas, patently an Irish gaelic speciality, the Mold Cape and Golden hats. Pottery from Central Europe can be elaborately shaped and decorated. Rock art, showing scenes from the religious rituals have been found in many areas, for example in Bohuslän, Sweden and the Val Camonica in northern Italy.

In the Mediterranean, the Minoan civilization was highly adult, with palace complexes from which sections of frescos have been excavated. Contemporary Ancient Egyptian art and that of other advanced Well-nigh Eastern cultures can no longer exist treated every bit "prehistoric".

Atomic number 26 Age [edit]

The Atomic number 26 Historic period saw the development of anthropomorphic sculptures, such as the warrior of Hirschlanden, and the statue from the Glauberg, Germany. Hallstatt artists in the early Iron Age favored geometric, abstract designs perhaps influenced past trade links with the Classical world.

The more elaborate and curvilinear La Tène way adult in Europe in the afterwards Iron Age from a heart in the Rhine valley just it soon spread across the continent. The rich chieftain classes appear to have encouraged ostentation and Classical influences such as bronze drinking vessels attest to a new way for wine drinking. Communal eating and drinking were an important part of Celtic society and culture and much of their fine art was often expressed through plates, knives, cauldrons and cups. Horse tack and weaponry were as well busy. Mythical animals were a common motif forth with religious and natural subjects and their depiction is a mix between the naturalistic and the stylized. Megalithic art was notwithstanding sometimes expert, examples include the carved limestone pillars of the sanctuary at Entremont in modernistic-mean solar day France. Personal beautification included torc necklaces whilst the introduction of coinage provided a further opportunity for creative expression. The coins of this catamenia are derivatives of Greek and Roman types, only showing the more exuberant Celtic artistic manner.

A 1st century BCE mirror found in Desborough, England, showing the screw and trumpet motif

The famous late 4th century BCE Waldalgesheim chariot burial in the Rhineland produced many fine examples of La Tène art including a bronze flagon and bronze plaques with repoussé human figures. Many pieces had curvy, organic styles though to be derived from Classical tendril patterns.

In much of western Europe elements of this artistic style can be discerned surviving in the art and architecture of the Roman colonies. In particular in United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and Republic of ireland there is a tenuous continuity through the Roman menstruation, enabling Celtic motifs to resurface with new vigour in the Christian Insular art from the 6th century onwards.

The sophisticated Etruscan culture adult from the 9th to 2nd centuries, with considerable influence from the Greeks, before finally beingness absorbed by the Romans. By the end of the menstruation they had developed writing, just early on Etruscan art can be chosen prehistoric.

Africa [edit]

Ancient Arab republic of egypt falls outside the scope of this article; it had a close human relationship with the Sudan in particular, known in this flow as Nubia, where there were advanced cultures from the 4th millennium BCE, such as the "A-Group", "C-Group", and the Kingdom of Kush.

Southern Africa [edit]

In September 2018, scientists from the Academy of Bergen, the University of Bordeaux and the University of the Witwatersrand together reported the discovery of the primeval known cartoon by Homo sapiens at Blombos Cave, Southward Africa which is estimated to be 73,000 years old, much earlier than the 43,000 years one-time artifacts understood to exist the earliest known modern human drawings found previously.^[2]

There is a significant body of stone painting in the region effectually Matobo National Park of Zimbabwe dating from as early as 6000 BCE to 500 CE.^[47]

Pregnant San rock paintings exist in the Waterberg area above the Palala River and around Drakensberg in South Africa, some of which are considered to derive from the menstruation 8000 BCE. These images are very clear and describe a multifariousness of human and wildlife motifs, specially antelope. In that location appears to exist a fairly continuous history of rock painting in this surface area; some of the art conspicuously dates into the 19th century. They include depictions of horses with riders, which were not introduced to the area until the 1820s.^[48]

Namibia, in addition to the Apollo 11 Cave complex, has a significant assortment of San rock art nigh Twyfelfontein. This piece of work is several one thousand years old, and appears to end with the arrival of pastoral tribes in the area.^[49]

Horn of Africa [edit]

Laas Geel is a complex of caves and rock shelters in northwestern Somalia. Famous for their stone art, the caves are located in a rural surface area on the outskirts of Hargeisa. They contain some of the earliest known cave paintings in the Horn of Africa, many of which depict pastoral scenes. Laas Geel's stone art is estimated to engagement back to somewhere between nine,000–eight,000 and three,000 BCE.

In 2008, archaeologists also announced the discovery of cave paintings in Somalia's northern Dhambalin region, which the researchers advise includes one of the primeval known depictions of a hunter on horseback. The stone art is in the Ethiopian-Arabian style, dated to m to 3000 BCE.^{[fifty] [51]}

Other prehistoric art in the Horn region include stone megaliths and engravings, some of which are iii,500 years old. The town of Dillo in Ethiopia has a hilltop covered with stone stelae. It is 1 of several such sites in southern Ethiopia dating from age^{[ clarification needed ]} (10th-14th centuries).^[52]

Saharan Africa [edit]

The early art of this region has been divided into 5 periods:

• Bubalus Period, roughly 12-eight kya
• Round Head Period, roughly ten-8 kya
• Pastoral Menstruation, roughly seven.five-iv kya
• Horse Period, roughly 3-2 kya
• Camel Menstruum, ii,000 years ago to the nowadays

Works of the Bubalus period span the Sahara, with the finest work, carvings of naturalistically depicted megafauna, concentrated in the central highlands. The Round Head Flow is dominated by paintings of strangely shaped human forms, and few animals, suggesting the artists were foragers. These works are largely limited to Tassili north'Ajjer and the Tadrart Acacus. Toward the end of the menses, images of domesticated animals, as well equally decorative vesture and headdresses appear. Pastoral Period fine art was more than focused on domestic scenes, including herding and dancing. The quality of artwork declined, as figures became more simplified.^[53]

The Equus caballus Period began in the eastern Sahara and spread due west. Depictions from this menses include carvings and paintings of horses, chariots, and warriors with metal weapons, although there are likewise frequent depictions of wildlife such equally giraffes. Humans are generally depicted in a stylized way. Some of the chariot art bears resemblance to temple carvings from ancient Egypt. Occasionally, art panels are accompanied by Tifinagh script, however in utilize by the Berber people and the Tuareg today; however, modern Tuareg are more often than not unable to read these inscriptions. The final Camel period features carvings and paintings in which camels predominate, but also include humans with swords, and afterwards, guns; the art of this time is relatively crude.^[54]

Due north Africa [edit]

The Americas [edit]

North America [edit]

Belonging in the Lithic stage, the oldest known fine art in the Americas is the Vero Embankment bone, possibly a mammoth os, etched with a profile of walking mammoth that dates back to 11,000 BCE.^[55] The oldest known painted object in the Americas is the Cooper Bison Skull from 10,900 to x,200 BCE.^[56]

Mesoamerica [edit]

The ancient Olmec "Bird Vessel" and bowl, both ceramic and dating to circa yard BC also equally other ceramics were produced in kilns capable of exceeding approximately 900 °C. The only other prehistoric culture known to have achieved such loftier temperatures is that of Ancient Egypt.^[57]

Much Olmec art is highly stylized and uses an iconography reflective of the religious meaning of the artworks. Some Olmec fine art, however, is surprisingly naturalistic, displaying an accuracy of depiction of human anatomy perhaps equaled in the pre-Columbian New World merely by the all-time Maya Classic-era art. Olmec art-forms emphasize monumental statuary and minor jade carvings. A common theme is to exist constitute in representations of a divine jaguar. Olmec figurines were also found abundantly through their period.

South America [edit]

Lithic age art in Due south America includes Monte Alegre culture rock paintings created at Caverna da Pedra Pintada dating back to 9250–8550 BCE.^{[58] [59]} Guitarrero Cave in Peru has the earliest known textiles in Due south America, dating to 8000 BCE.^[60]

Peru and the central Andes [edit]

Lithic and preceramic periods [edit]

Peru, including an expanse of the key Andes stretching from the northern part of the country to northern Chile, has a rich cultural history, with show of human habitation dating to roughly 10,000 BCE.^[61] Prior to the emergence of ceramics in this region around 1850 BCE, cave paintings and beads have been establish. These finds include rock paintings that controversially date equally far back as 9500 BCE in the Toquepala Caves.^[62] Burial sites in Peru like 1 at Telarmachay as old every bit 8600-7200 BCE independent prove of ritual burial, with red ocher and bead necklaces.^[63]

The primeval ceramics that announced in Peru may take been imported from the Validivia region; ethnic pottery production near certainly arrived in the highlands effectually 1800 BCE at Kotosh, and on the declension at La Florida c. 1700 BCE. Older calabash gourd vessels with human faces burned into them were found at Huaca Prieta, a site dating to 2500-2000 BCE^[64] Huaca Prieta besides contained some early on patterned and dyed textiles fabricated from twisted constitute fibers.^[65]

Initial Period and First Horizon [edit]

The Initial Menses in Central Andean cultures lasted roughly from 1800 BCE to 900 BCE. Textiles from this time found at Huaca Prieta are of astonishing complication, including images such as crabs whose claws transform into snakes, and double-headed birds. Many of these images are similar to optical illusions, where which epitome dominates depends in part on which the viewer chooses to see. Other portable artwork from this time includes decorated mirrors, bone and crush jewelry, and unfired dirt female effigies.^[66] Public architecture, including works estimated to require the motion of more than than 100,000 tons of stone, are to be found at sites similar Kotosh, El Paraíso, Republic of peru, and La Galgada (archaeological site). Kotosh, a site in the Andean highlands, is especially noted as the site of the Temple of the Crossed Hands, in which in that location are ii reliefs of crossed forearms, one pair male person, one pair female.^[67] Besides of note is ane of South America's largest ceremonial sites, Sechín Alto. This site's crowning work is a twelve-story platform, with stones incised with military themes.^[68] The architecture and art of the highlands, in detail, laid downward the groundwork for the ascent of the Chavín culture.^[69]

The Chavín culture dominated the central Andes during the First Horizon, beginning around 900 BCE, and is generally divided into two stages. The starting time, running until almost 500 BCE, represented a significant cultural unification of the highland and coastal cultures of the fourth dimension. Imagery in all mode of art (textiles, ceramics, jewelry, and architectural) included sometimes fantastic imagery such as jaguars, snakes, and human–animal composites, much of it seemingly inspired past the jungles to the east.^[70]

The later stage of the Chavín culture is primarily represented by a significant architectural expansion of the Chavín de Huantar site effectually 500 BCE, accompanied by a set of stylistic changes. This expansion included, among other changes, over forty big stone heads, whose reconstructed positions represent a transformation from human to supernatural fauna visages. Much of the other art at the complex from this time contains such supernatural imagery.^[71] The portable fine art associated with this time included sophisticated metalworking, including alloying of metals and soldering.^[72] Textiles found at sites like Karwa clearly depict Chavín cultural influences,^[73] and the Cupisnique style of pottery disseminated by the Chavín would set standards all across the region for later cultures.^[74] (The vessel pictured at the elevation of this commodity, while from the after Moche culture, is representative of the stirrup-spouted vessels of the Chavín.)

Early Intermediate Period [edit]

A Paracas Curtain dating from 200 CE

The Early on Intermediate Menstruation lasted from about 200 BCE to 600 CE. Belatedly in the First Horizon, the Chavín culture began to pass up, and other cultures, predominantly in the littoral areas, began to develop. The earliest of these was the Paracas culture, centered on the Paracas Peninsula of central Peru. Active from 600 BCE to 175 BCE, their early work clearly shows Chavín influence, but a locally distinctive manner and technique developed. It was characterized by technical and time-consuming detail work, visually colorful, and a profusion visual elements. Distinctive technical differences include painting on clay later on firing, and embroidery on textiles.^[75] One notable notice is a pall that was clearly used for grooming purposes; it shows obvious indications of experts doing some of the weaving, interspersed with less technically proficient trainee work.^[76]

The Nazca civilization of southern Peru, which is widely known for the enormous figures traced on the footing by the Nazca lines in southern Republic of peru, shared some similarities with the Paracas culture, but techniques (and scale) differed. The Nazca painted their ceramics with slip, and also painted their textiles.^[77] Nazca ceramics featured a wide variety of subjects, from the mundane to the fantastic, including utilitarian vessels and effigy figures. The Nazca also excelled at goldsmithing, and made pan pipes from clay in a style not different the pipes heard in music of the Andes today.^[78]

The famous Nazca lines are accompanied by temple-like constructions (showing no sign of permanent habitation) and open plazas that presumably had ritual purposes related to the lines. The lines themselves are laid out on a sort of natural blackboard, where a thin layer of nighttime rock covers lighter stone; the lines were thus created by simply removing the top layer where desired, afterwards using surveying techniques to lay out the design.^[79]

In the northward of Peru, the Moche culture dominated during this time. Also known as Mochica or Early Chimú, this warlike culture dominated the area until most 500 CE, plain using conquest to gain access to critical resource forth the desert coast: abundant land and water. Moche art is again notably distinctive, expressive and dynamic in a manner that many other Andean cultures were not. Cognition of the catamenia has been notably expanded by finds similar the pristine royal tombs at Sipán.^[80]

The Moche very obviously absorbed some elements of the Chavín culture, just also absorbed ideas from smaller nearby cultures that they assimilated, such as the Recuay civilisation and the Vicús.^[81] They made fully sculpted ceramic animal figures, worked aureate, and wove textiles. The fine art ofttimes featured everyday images, but seemingly ever with a ritual intent.^[82]

In its later years, the Moche came nether the influence of the expanding Huari empire. The Cerro Blanco site of Huaca del Sol appears to take been the Moche capital. Largely destroyed by natural events around 600 CE, information technology was further damaged by Spanish conquistadors searching for golden, and continues with mod looters.^[83]

Middle Horizon [edit]

Ponce monolith in the sunken courtyard of the Tiwanaku's Kalasasaya temple

The Middle Horizon lasted from 600 CE to 1000 CE, and was dominated past ii cultures: the Huari and the Tiwanaku. The Tiwanaku (also spelled Tiahuanaco) civilization arose most Lake Titicaca (on the mod border betwixt Republic of peru and Bolivia), while the Wari civilization arose in the southern highlands of Peru. Both cultures appear to have been influenced by the Pukara culture, which was active during the Early on Intermediate in betwixt the primary centers of the Wari and Tiwanaku.^[84] These cultures both had broad-ranging influence, and shared some common features in their portable art, merely their monumental arts were somewhat distinctive.^[85]

The monumental art of the Tiwanaku demonstrated technical prowess in stonework, including fine detailed reliefs, and monoliths such as the Ponce monolith (photo to the left), and the Lord's day Gate, both in the chief Tiwanaku site. The portable art featured "portrait vessels", with figured heads on ceramic vessels, too as natural imagery like jaguars and raptors.^[86] A full range of materials, from ceramics to textiles to forest, bone, and shell, were used in creative endeavours. Textiles with a weave of 300 threads per inch (fourscore threads per cm) accept been institute at Tiwanaku sites.^[87]

The Wari dominated an expanse from northern to cardinal Peru, with their chief center about Ayacucho. Their art is distinguished from the Tiwanaku style by the utilise of bolder colors and patterns.^[88] Notable among Wari finds are tapestry garments, presumed to be made for priests or rulers to wear, often bearing abstract geometric designs of significant complication, just also begetting images of animals and figures.^[89] Wari ceramics, also of loftier technical quality, are similar in many ways to those of the preceding cultures, where local influences from fallen cultures, like the Moche, are still somewhat evident. Metalwork, while rarely institute due to its desirability by looters, shows elegant simplicity and, in one case more, a loftier level of workmanship.^[90]

Late Intermediate Period [edit]

Following the decline of the Wari and Tiwanaku, the northern and central coastal areas were somewhat dominated by the Chimú culture, which included notable subcultures like the Lambayeque (or Sicán) and Chancay cultures. To the s, coastal cultures dominated in the Ica region, and in that location was a meaning cultural crossroads at Pachacamac, about Lima.^[91] These cultures would dominate from about thou CE until the 1460s and 1470s, as the Inca Empire began to take shape and somewhen absorbed the geographically smaller nearby cultures.

Chimú and Sicán Cultures

The Chimú culture in particular was responsible for an extremely big number of artworks. Its capital urban center, Chan Chan, appears to have contained building that appeared to function as museums—they seem to take been used for displaying and preserving artwork. Much of the artwork from Chan Chan in particular has been looted, some by the Spanish after the Spanish conquest.^[91] The art from this time at times displays astonishing complication, with "multimedia" works that crave artists working together in a diverseness of media, including materials believed to have come from as far abroad as Central America. Items of increasing splendor or value were produced, apparently as the lodge became increasing stratified.^[92] At the aforementioned, the quality of some of the work declined, equally need for pieces pushed product rates up and values downwardly.^[93]

The Sicán culture flourished from 700 CE to about 1400 CE, although it came under political domination of the Chimú around 1100 CE, at which time many of its artists may have moved to Chan Chan. There was meaning copperworking by the Sicán, including what seems to exist a sort of currency based on copper objects that look like axes.^[94] Artwork includes burial masks, beakers and metallic vessels that previous cultures traditionally made of clay. The metalwork of the Sicán was particularly sophisticated, with innovations including repoussé and beat out inlay. Sheet metal was also often used to cover other works.^[95]

Prominent in Sicán iconography is the Sicán deity, which appears on all fashion of piece of work, from the portable to the monumental. Other imagery includes geometric and wave patterns, as well as scenes of fishing and shell diving.^[96]

Chancay culture Chancay culture, before information technology was subsumed by the Chimú, did not characteristic notable monumental art. Ceramics and textiles were made, simply the quality and skill level was uneven. Ceramics are generally black on white, and often suffer from flaws similar poor firing, and drips of the sideslip used for colour; however, fine examples exist. Textiles are overall of a higher quality, including the apply of painted weaves and tapestry techniques, and were produced in large quantities.^[97] The colour palette of the Chancay was non overly bold: golds, browns, white, and carmine predominate.^[98]

Pachacamac Pachacamac is a temple site due south of Lima, Peru that was an important pilgrimage center into Spanish colonial times. The site boasts temple constructions from several periods, culminating in Inca constructions that are still in relatively practiced condition. The temples were painted with murals depicting plants and animals. The master temple contained a carved wooden sculpture akin to a totem pole.^[98]

Ica civilisation The Ica region, which had been dominated by the Nazca, was fragmented into several smaller political and civilisation groups. The pottery produced in this region was of the highest quality at the time, and its aesthetics would be adopted past the Inca when they conquered the area.^[99]

Belatedly Horizon and Inca culture [edit]

An 1860 map of Cusco. The puma shape is discernible, with the head at the upper left and the tail at the lower right.

The twelve angle stone, in the Hatum Rumiyoc street of Cusco, is an example of Inca masonry.

This time catamenia represents the era in which the culture of the central Andes is well-nigh completely dominated by the Inca Empire, which began its expansion in 1438. It lasted until the Spanish conquest in 1533. The Inca captivated much technical skill from the cultures they conquered, and disseminated information technology, along with standard shapes and patterns, throughout their expanse of influence, which extended from Quito, Ecuador to Santiago, Chile. Inca stonework is notably proficient; behemothic stones are gear up so tightly without mortar that a knife blade will not fit in the gap.^[100] Many of the Inca's awe-inspiring structures deliberately echoed the natural surround around them; this is particularly axiomatic in some of the structures at Machu Picchu.^[101] The Inca laid the city of Cusco in the shape of a puma, with the head of the puma at Sacsayhuaman,^[102] a shape that is nevertheless discernible in aerial photographs of the urban center today.

The iconography of Inca art, while conspicuously cartoon from its many predecessors, is notwithstanding recognizably Inca. Bronzework owes a clear debt to the Chimú, every bit do a number of cultural traditions: the finest appurtenances were reserved to the rulers, who wore the finest textiles, and ate and drank from gilt and silver vessels.^[103] As a consequence, Inca metalwork was relatively rare, and an obvious source of plunder for the acquisition Spanish.

Textiles were widely prized inside the empire, in part every bit they were somewhat more portable in the far-flung empire.^[104]

Ceramics were made in large quantities, and, every bit with other media, in standardized shapes and patterns. 1 mutual shape is the urpu, a distinctive urn shape that came in a wide diverseness of standard capacities, much every bit mod storage containers do.^[105] In spite of this standardization, many local areas retained some distinctive aspects of their civilization in the works they produced; ceramics produced in areas nether significant Chimú control prior to the Inca rule nonetheless retain characteristics indicative of that style.^[106]

Following the Castilian conquest, the art of the central Andes was significantly affected by the conflict and diseases brought past the Spanish. Early colonial period art, began to show influences of both Christianity and Inca religious and artistic ideas, and somewhen as well began to embrace new techniques brought by the conquerors, including oil painting on canvas.^[107]

Early on ceramics in northern South America [edit]

The primeval evidence of decorated pottery in S America is to be institute in two places. A variety of sites in the Santarém region of Brazil contain ceramic sherds dating to a period between 5000 and 3000 BCE.^[108] Sites in Colombia, at Monsú and San Jacinto contained pottery finds in different styles, and date as far back every bit 3500 BCE.^[109] This is an area of active research and subject to change.^[110] The ceramics were decorated with curvilinear incisions. Some other ancient site at Puerto Hormiga in the Bolívar Department of Colombia dating to 3100 BCE contained pottery fragments that included figured animals in a way related to afterwards Barrancoid cultural finds in Colombia and Venezuela.^[109] Valdivia, Ecuador also has a site dated to roughly 3100 BCE containing decorated fragments, too as figurines, many represent nude females. The Valdivian way stretched as far due south equally northern Peru,^[111] and may, co-ordinate to Lavallée, yet yield older artifacts.^[108]

By 2000 BCE, pottery was axiomatic in eastern Venezuela. The La Gruta style, frequently painted in red or white, included incised animal figures in the ceramic, besides every bit ceramic vessels shaped as animal effigies. The Rancho Peludo mode of western Venezuela featured relatively simple textile-blazon decorations and incisions.^[111] Finds in the central Andes dating to 1800 BCE and later announced to be derived from the Valdivian tradition of Ecuador.^[112]

Early fine art in eastern South America [edit]

Relatively picayune is known about the early settlement of much of S America east of the Andes. This is due to the lack of rock (generally required for leaving durable artifacts), and a jungle environs that rapidly recycles organic materials. Across the Andean regions, where the inhabitants were more clearly related to the early cultures of Peru, early finds are generally express to coastal areas and those areas where there are stone outcrops. While in that location is show of human habitation in northern Brazil as early as 8000 BCE,^[113] and rock art of unknown (or at best uncertain) historic period, ceramics announced to be the primeval creative artifacts. The Mina civilization of Brazil (3000–1600 BCE) had uncomplicated round vessels with a cherry wash, that were stylistic predecessors to later Bahia and Guyanese cultures.^[111]

Southern South America [edit]

The southern reaches of South America prove evidence of human dwelling every bit far back every bit ten,000 BCE. A site at Arroio do Fosseis on the pampa in southern Brazil has shown reliable prove to that fourth dimension,^[114] and the Tierra del Fuego at the southern tip of the continent has been occupied since 7000 BCE.^[115] Artistic finds are scarce; in some parts of Patagonia ceramics were never made, but beingness introduced by contact with Europeans.^[116]

Oceania [edit]

Australia [edit]

From earliest times Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders take been creating distinctive patterns of art. Much of the fine art is transitory, fatigued in sand or on the human trunk to illustrate a identify, a totem, or a cultural story. Early surviving artworks are by and large stone paintings. Some are called 10-ray paintings because they show the bones and organs of the animals they draw. Some Aboriginal fine art appears equally abstract to modern viewers; Aboriginal art employs geometrical figures, dots and lines to present the story existence told.

The Gwion Gwion rock art are one of many styles of stone art found in Western Australia. They are predominantly human being figures fatigued in fine detail with accurate anatomical proportioning. They are usually dated to exist at least 17,000 years onetime, and there take been suggestions they are as much as 70,000 years former.^[117] The Sydney stone engravings are as well a prominent stone fine art site in the country.^[118]

Polynesia [edit]

The natives of Polynesia have a distinct artistic heritage. While many of their artifacts were made with organic materials and thus lost to history, some of their about hit achievements survive in clay and stone. Amid these are numerous pottery fragments from western Oceania, from the late 2nd millennium BCE. Also, the natives of Polynesia left scattered around their islands Petroglyphs, rock platforms or Marae, and sculptures of ancestor figures, the virtually famous of which are the Moai of Easter Isle.

Meet also [edit]

• Çatalhüyük
• Listing of Stone Age art
• Nevalı Çori
• Prehistoric music
• Prehistoric religion

Notes [edit]

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2. ^ ^{a b c d} St. Fleur, Nicholas (12 September 2018). "Oldest Known Drawing by Human Hands Discovered in Due south African Cave". The New York Times . Retrieved 15 September 2018.
3. ^ "Crush 'art' made 300,000 years earlier humans evolved - New Scientist". New Scientist.
4. ^ ^{a b} Joordens, Josephine C. A.; d'Errico, Francesco; Wesselingh, Frank P.; Munro, Stephen; de Vos, John; Wallinga, Jakob; Ankjærgaard, Christina; Reimann, Tony; Wijbrans, Jan R.; Kuiper, Klaudia F.; Mücher, Herman J. (2015). "Homo erectus at Trinil on Java used shells for tool product and engraving". Nature. 518 (7538): 228–231. Bibcode:2015Natur.518..228J. doi:10.1038/nature13962. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25470048. S2CID 4461751.
5. ^ New York Times
6. ^ The Metropolitan Museum of New York City Introduction to Prehistoric Art Retrieved 2012-five-12
7. ^ Chase, pp. 145-146
8. ^ Henshilwood, Christopher; Niekerk, Karen Loise van. "South Africa's Blombos cave is home to the earliest cartoon by a human". The Conversation . Retrieved 2020-02-17 .
9. ^ "Discovery of the earliest drawing". ScienceDaily . Retrieved 2020-02-17 .
10. ^ D. L. Hoffmann; C. D. Standish; Thou. García-Diez; P. B. Pettitt; J. A. Milton; J. Zilhão; J. J. Alcolea-González; P. Cantalejo-Duarte; H. Collado; R. de Balbín; Thou. Lorblanchet; J. Ramos-Muñoz; G.-Ch. Weniger; A. W. Grand. Pike (2018). "U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cavern fine art". Science. 359 (6378): 912–915. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..912H. doi:10.1126/science.aap7778. PMID 29472483.
11. ^ Marris, Emma (22 February 2018). "Neanderthal artists made oldest-known cave paintings". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-02357-8.
12. ^ Feehly, Conor (6 July 2021). "Cute Bone Carving From 51,000 Years Ago Is Changing Our View of Neanderthals". ScienceAlert . Retrieved 6 July 2021.
13. ^ Leder, Dirk; et al. (five July 2021). "A 51,000-year-old engraved bone reveals Neanderthals' capacity for symbolic behaviour". Nature Environmental & Evolution. 594 (9): 1273–1282. doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01487-z. PMID 34226702. S2CID 235746596. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
14. ^ ^{a b} Zimmer, Carl (7 November 2018). "In Cave in Kalimantan Jungle, Scientists Observe Oldest Figurative Painting in the World - A cavern drawing in Borneo is at to the lowest degree forty,000 years quondam, raising intriguing questions about creativity in ancient societies". The New York Times . Retrieved 8 November 2018.
15. ^ ^{a b} Aubert, M.; et al. (seven November 2018). "Palaeolithic cavern fine art in Kalimantan". Nature. 564 (7735): 254–257. Bibcode:2018Natur.564..254A. doi:ten.1038/s41586-018-0679-9. PMID 30405242. S2CID 53208538.
16. ^ "Indonesian Cavern Paintings As Quondam As Europe'due south Aboriginal Fine art". NPR.org. 8 October 2014.
17. ^ Portal, p. 25
18. ^ ^{a b} Portal, p. 26
19. ^ Coulson, pp. 150–155
20. ^ Thackeray.
21. ^ Azerbaijan, Republic of azerbaijan (2005). Azerbaijan. Cavendish Square Publishing. pp. 18. ISBN9780761420118.
22. ^ Azerbaijan: Mosques, Turrets, Palaces, Azerbaijan: Mosques, Turrets, Palaces (1979). Azerbaijan: Mosques, Turrets, Palaces. Corvina Kiadó. p. 8. ISBN9789631303216. {{cite volume}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
23. ^ A Historical Atlas of Azerbaijan (Historical Atlases of South asia, Central Asia, and The Middle East), A Historical Atlas of Azerbaijan (Historical Atlases of Due south Asia, Central Asia, and The Centre East) (2004). A Historical Atlas of Azerbaijan (Historical Atlases of South Asia, Central Asia, and The Middle East). Rosen Pub Group. p. 11. ISBN978-0823944972. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
24. ^ "The Rock Engravings of Gobustan". donsmaps.com . Retrieved 2019-02-07 .
25. ^ Pre-Columbian Trans-Oceanic Contact. Lulu.com. 2016. p. 98. ISBN978-1329972162. ^{[ self-published source ]}
26. ^ Mathpal, Yashodhar (1984). Prehistoric Painting Of Bhimbetka. Abhinav Publications. p. 220. ISBN9788170171935.
27. ^ Tiwari, Shiv Kumar (2000). Riddles of Indian Rockshelter Paintings. Sarup & Sons. p. 189. ISBN9788176250863.
28. ^ Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (PDF). UNESCO. 2003. p. 16.
29. ^ Mithen, Steven (2011). Later the Ice: A Global Human being History, xx,000 - 5000 BC. Orion. p. 524. ISBN9781780222592.
30. ^ Javid, Ali; Jāvīd, ʻAlī; Javeed, Tabassum (2008). Earth Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India. Algora Publishing. p. xix. ISBN9780875864846.
31. ^ Portal, p. 27
32. ^ Portal, p. 29
33. ^ Portal, p. 33
34. ^ Portal, pp. 34–35
35. ^ Portal, p. 38
36. ^ Portal, p. 39
37. ^ Portal, p. 40
38. ^ Portal, p. 41
39. ^ Sagona, Claudia (2015-08-25). The Archaeology of Malta. Cambridge University Press. p. 47. ISBN9781107006690 . Retrieved 25 November 2016.
40. ^ Curry, Andrew (November 2008). "Gobekli Tepe: The World's Offset Temple?". Smithsonian.com. Retrieved Baronial 2, 2013.
41. ^ Sandars, 75-98
42. ^ "Rock Drawings in Valcamonica" (PDF).
43. ^ Sandars, Nancy G., Prehistoric Fine art in Europe, Penguin (Pelican, now Yale, History of Art), pp. 87-96, 1968 (nb 1st edn.)
44. ^ "11,000 year old pendant is earliest known Mesolithic art in United kingdom", Academy of York
45. ^ Geggel, Laura (April 25, 2018). "This Eerie, Human being-Like Figure Is Twice Equally One-time As Egypt's Pyramids". Live Scientific discipline . Retrieved April 28, 2018.
46. ^ Borić, Dušan; Hanks, Bryan; Šljivar, Duško; Kočić, Miroslav; Bulatović, Jelena; Griffiths, Seren; Doonan, Roger; Jacanović, Dragan (June 2018). "Enclosing the Neolithic Globe: A Vinča Culture Enclosed and Fortified Settlement in the Balkans". Current Anthropology. 59 (3): 336–345. doi:10.1086/697534. hdl:11573/1545302. S2CID 150068332.
47. ^ Coulson, p. 86
48. ^ Coulson, pp. eighty–82
49. ^ Unesco World Heritage designation.
50. ^ Mire, Sada (2008). "The Discovery of Dhambalin Rock Art Site, Somaliland". African Archaeological Review. 25 (3–iv): 153–168. doi:10.1007/s10437-008-9032-2. S2CID 162960112. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
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52. ^ Coulson, p. 147
53. ^ Coulson, pp. 156–160
54. ^ Coulson, pp. 160–162,205
55. ^ "Water ice Historic period Art from Florida." By Horizons. 23 June 2011 (retrieved 23 June 2011)
56. ^ Bement, Leland C. Bison hunting at Cooper site: where lightning bolts drew thundering herds. Norman: Academy of Oklahoma Press, 1999: 37, 43, 176. ISBN 978-0-8061-3053-8.
57. ^ Friedman, Florence Dunn (September 1998). "Aboriginal Egyptian faience". Archived from the original on 2004-10-xx. Retrieved 2008-12-22 .
58. ^ Wilford, John Noble. Scientist at Work: Anna C. Roosevelt; Sharp and To the Signal In Amazonia. New York Times. 23 April 1996
59. ^ "Dating a Paleoindian Site in the Amazon in Comparison with Clovis Culture." Science. March 1997: Vol. 275, no. 5308, pp. 194801952. (retrieved ane November 2009)
60. ^ Stone-Miller, 17
61. ^ Lavallée, p. 88
62. ^ Lavallée, p. 94
63. ^ Lavallée, p. 115
64. ^ Lavallée, p. 186
65. ^ Bruhns, p. 80
66. ^ Stone-Miller, pp. 19–20
67. ^ Rock-Miller, p. 21
68. ^ Stone-Miller, p. 27
69. ^ Rock-Miller, p. 22
70. ^ Stone-Miller, pp. 28–29
71. ^ Stone-Miller, p. forty
72. ^ Stone-Miller, p. 44
73. ^ Rock-Miller, p. 46
74. ^ Rock-Miller, p. 49
75. ^ Stone-Miller, p. 50
76. ^ Stone-Miller, p. 58
77. ^ Stone-Miller, p. 67
78. ^ Rock-Miller, pp. 74–75
79. ^ Rock-Miller, pp. 78–82
80. ^ Rock-Miller, p. 83
81. ^ Stone-Miller, p. 88
82. ^ Stone-Miller, p. 86
83. ^ Rock-Miller, p. 92
84. ^ Rock-Miller, pp. 121–123
85. ^ Stone-Miller, p. 119
86. ^ Rock-Miller, pp. 131–134
87. ^ Stone-Miller, p. 136
88. ^ Rock-Miller, pp. 138–139
89. ^ Stone-Miller, pp. 146–148
90. ^ Rock-Miller, pp. 149–150
91. ^ ^{a b} Stone-Miller, p. 151
92. ^ Stone-Miller, p. 153
93. ^ Stone-Miller, p. 154
94. ^ Stone-Miller, p. 156
95. ^ Stone-Miller, pp. 156–158
96. ^ Stone-Miller, p. 160
97. ^ Stone-Miller, pp. 175–177
98. ^ ^{a b} Stone-Miller, p. 179
99. ^ Stone-Miller, p. 180
100. ^ Stone-Miller, p. 181
101. ^ Rock-Miller, p. 190
102. ^ Stone-Miller, p. 194
103. ^ Stone-Miller, p. 186
104. ^ Stone-Miller, p. 209
105. ^ Rock-Miller, p. 215
106. ^ Stone-Miller, p. 216
107. ^ Stone-Miller, p. 217
108. ^ ^{a b} Lavallée, p. 182
109. ^ ^{a b} Bruhns, pp. 116–117
110. ^ Lavallée, pp. 176–182
111. ^ ^{a b c} Bruhns, pp. 117–118
112. ^ Bruhns, p. 119
113. ^ Lavallée, p. 113
114. ^ Lavallée, p. 108
115. ^ Lavallée, p. 112
116. ^ Lavallée, p. 187
117. ^ Bradshaw Foundation. "The Bradshaw Paintings - Australian Rock Fine art Archive". Bradshaw Foundation.
118. ^ Bowdler, Sandra. "Assurance Head: the earthworks of a Port Jackson stone shelter. Records of the Australian Museum 28(7): 117–128, plates 17–21. [4 October 1971]" (PDF). AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. Australian Museum. Retrieved April 28, 2012.

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• Lavallée, Danièle (1995). The Get-go South Americans. Bahn, Paul Thou (trans.). University of Utah Press. ISBN978-0-87480-665-vi.
• Portal, Jane (2000). Korea: Art and Archæology . Thames & Hudson. ISBN9780500282021.
• Sandars, Nancy G., Prehistoric Art in Europe, Penguin (Pelican, now Yale, History of Art), 1968 (nb 1st edn.)
• Stone-Miller, Rebecca (1995). Art of the Andes . Thames and Hudson. ISBN978-0-500-20286-9.
• Thackeray, Anne I.; Thackeray, JF; Beaumont, PB; Vogel, JC; et al. (1981-10-02). "Dated Rock Engravings from Wonderwerk Cave, S Africa". Science. 214 (4516): 64–67. Bibcode:1981Sci...214...64T. doi:10.1126/science.214.4516.64. PMID 17802575. S2CID 29714094.
• "Unesco Globe Heritage declaration on Twyfelfontein". Retrieved 2008-xi-thirteen .

External links [edit]

• RockArtScandinavia Tanums Hällristningsmuseum Underslös. Rock fine art research center.
• EuroPreArt database of European Prehistoric Fine art
• Lepenski Vir
• Göbekli Tepe, in German
• Nevali Cori
• Prehistoric Art Expressions from India
• http://witcombe.sbc.edu/ARTHprehistoric.html#general
• http://donsmaps.com/combarelles.html
• Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (Baronial 2016).

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_art

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